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C arrays, arrays and loops. In this tutorial, we are going to talk about arrays. An array lets you declare and work with a collection of values of the same type. Let’s say you want to declare four integers. With the knowledge from the last few tutorials you would do something like this. Can we print a multidimensional array using any. I'm currently studying C and I'm trying to just print the contents of a string array. I'm using pNames to point to the first char pointer and iterating from there. A more proper approach would use this pointer, get a char. each time and use printf('%s', pNamesi) to print a whole string. Passing Array to a Function in C Programming In this article, you'll learn to pass an array to a function in C. You'll learn to pass both one-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays.
Arrays, in C++, are simply arrangements of 'objects' -- in the basic usage we'll be using in this tutorial, we will be using arrays to simply store lists of data (of a certain because each piece of data stored (whether it be an integer, string, or something entirely different) has a number assigned to it that it can be referenced by. This is called the index, and the index number simply counts up from 0 as the array gets bigger - so the first element in the array would have the index of 0, the second the index of 1, etc.
Obviously storing data in this tabular-like manor is very useful in real world applications - a classic example that is usually given is pupils' scores in a test. Perhaps each student got a score out of 100 for their test - this data would be best stored in an integer array. In the real world the scores would probably be recorded in a text file or something similar, but we could always build in functionality to read this file and then store that data in an array inside our application.
Arrays can be created in C++ very much like 'normal variables' (with a) , followed by the index number of the element we wish to target in square brackets, followed by an equals sign and then the value we wish to set it to (and then obviously a semi-colon to end the line). So if we wanted to initialize the first element (of index 0) in our array to the value '15', we could write the following:
The same could also be done for the scores of the other members of the class (elements of the array from index 0 to index 29). If we then wanted to use these values later (for example if we wanted to cout one or all of the elements), we can access a certain element of the array just as we did when we were assigning values to each element - by writing the array name and then the index number in square brackets. So we could output the first element in the array (remember, this is the one with the index of 0!) by writing something like cout << ClassScores[0];.
You may have noticed when we learnt how to initialize the elements in arrays earlier, that the process was extremely long and drawn out (imagine having to initialize hundreds of array elements!) - luckily there is an easier way to initialize the elements in an array. Instead of individually setting each element to a certain value (which can be done at any point in the program, not just at element initialization) we can actually initialize the elements when we declare the array! This method of initialization is accomplished by simply shoving an equals sign after the declaration of the array and then specifying the different array elements, with commas separating them, in curly brackets. This method doesn't require any value in the square brackets either as the compiler can calculate how many elements we are initializing and set the array size to that! To show this method of initialization, let's just set some values for each score in the class at the array declaration - let's cut it down to 20 this time for the sake of simplicity:
With an array declared and initialized, we can do a whole bunch of stuff with it! A nice example might be outputting all of the students' scores - unfortunately, however, there's no really easy and clean way to do this without knowing about 'loops' or some other fancy things, so for now we'll have to just repeat a bunch of code. Generally speaking when you feel your repeating a lot of code when C++ programming, there is probably a better way to accomplish what you're trying to do, but for now just go with it. I've cut the array down to 5 elements this time, simply because I don't want to have to copy and paste a single line 20 times - you'll learn about a more elegant solution to our problem of outputting array elements in the next tutorial.
Another really cool thing that you could do with arrays is trying to 're-create' the 'string', character arrays like 'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o' were used -- character arrays of this kind can, unlike most, actually be outputted just by couting their name because they're so much like strings. It's worth nothing that when creating character arrays like these, however, you should also add another character onto the array, which is a 'null character' which shows where the string ends - this is called the null termination of a string, and the null character is expressed via '0'.
'Real' strings can actually be treated just like character arrays in some circumstances too - using square brackets and an index number gets a certain character of the string (for example string_name[1] of 'Hello' would be 'e'). If you're feeling up to the challenge, try moving a string variable defined in code (of a fixed length) like string one = 'Hello';, to a 'char' array of the same length using the information above. It probably seems a bit pointless, I know, but it's good practice with using arrays. If you don't feel up to the challenge, the code for doing such a thing (which once again would be a bit cleaner with 'loops'), is as follows:
That means that, for example, five values of type
int can be declared as an array without having to declare 5 different variables (each with its own identifier). Instead, using an array, the five int values are stored in contiguous memory locations, and all five can be accessed using the same identifier, with the proper index.For example, an array containing 5 integer values of type
int called foo could be represented as:where each blank panel represents an element of the array. In this case, these are values of type
int. These elements are numbered from 0 to 4, being 0 the first and 4 the last; In C++, the first element in an array is always numbered with a zero (not a one), no matter its length.Like a regular variable, an array must be declared before it is used. A typical declaration for an array in C++ is:
type name [elements];
where
type is a valid type (such as int, float..), name is a valid identifier and the elements field (which is always enclosed in square brackets []), specifies the length of the array in terms of the number of elements.Therefore, the
foo array, with five elements of type int, can be declared as:NOTE: The
elements field within square brackets [], representing the number of elements in the array, must be a constant expression, since arrays are blocks of static memory whose size must be determined at compile time, before the program runs.Initializing arrays
By default, regular arrays of local scope (for example, those declared within a function) are left uninitialized. This means that none of its elements are set to any particular value; their contents are undetermined at the point the array is declared.But the elements in an array can be explicitly initialized to specific values when it is declared, by enclosing those initial values in braces {}. For example:
This statement declares an array that can be represented like this:
The number of values between braces
{} shall not be greater than the number of elements in the array. For example, in the example above, foo was declared having 5 elements (as specified by the number enclosed in square brackets, []), and the braces {} contained exactly 5 values, one for each element. If declared with less, the remaining elements are set to their default values (which for fundamental types, means they are filled with zeroes). For example:Will create an array like this:
The initializer can even have no values, just the braces:
This creates an array of five
int values, each initialized with a value of zero:When an initialization of values is provided for an array, C++ allows the possibility of leaving the square brackets empty
[]. In this case, the compiler will assume automatically a size for the array that matches the number of values included between the braces {}:After this declaration, array
foo would be 5 int long, since we have provided 5 initialization values.Finally, the evolution of C++ has led to the adoption of universal initialization also for arrays. Therefore, there is no longer need for the equal sign between the declaration and the initializer. Both these statements are equivalent:
Static arrays, and those declared directly in a namespace (outside any function), are always initialized. If no explicit initializer is specified, all the elements are default-initialized (with zeroes, for fundamental types).
Accessing the values of an array
The values of any of the elements in an array can be accessed just like the value of a regular variable of the same type. The syntax is:name[index]Following the previous examples in which
foo had 5 elements and each of those elements was of type int, the name which can be used to refer to each element is the following:For example, the following statement stores the value 75 in the third element of
foo:and, for example, the following copies the value of the third element of
foo to a variable called x:Therefore, the expression
foo[2] is itself a variable of type int.Notice that the third element of
foo is specified foo[2], since the first one is foo[0], the second one is foo[1], and therefore, the third one is foo[2]. By this same reason, its last element is foo[4]. Therefore, if we write foo[5], we would be accessing the sixth element of foo, and therefore actually exceeding the size of the array.In C++, it is syntactically correct to exceed the valid range of indices for an array. This can create problems, since accessing out-of-range elements do not cause errors on compilation, but can cause errors on runtime. The reason for this being allowed will be seen in a later chapter when pointers are introduced.
At this point, it is important to be able to clearly distinguish between the two uses that brackets
[] have related to arrays. They perform two different tasks: one is to specify the size of arrays when they are declared; and the second one is to specify indices for concrete array elements when they are accessed. Do not confuse these two possible uses of brackets [] with arrays.The main difference is that the declaration is preceded by the type of the elements, while the access is not.
Some other valid operations with arrays:
For example:
Multidimensional arrays
Multidimensional arrays can be described as 'arrays of arrays'. For example, a bidimensional array can be imagined as a two-dimensional table made of elements, all of them of a same uniform data type.jimmy represents a bidimensional array of 3 per 5 elements of type int. The C++ syntax for this is:and, for example, the way to reference the second element vertically and fourth horizontally in an expression would be:
(remember that array indices always begin with zero).
Multidimensional arrays are not limited to two indices (i.e., two dimensions). They can contain as many indices as needed. Although be careful: the amount of memory needed for an array increases exponentially with each dimension. For example:
declares an array with an element of type
char for each second in a century. This amounts to more than 3 billion char! So this declaration would consume more than 3 gigabytes of memory!At the end, multidimensional arrays are just an abstraction for programmers, since the same results can be achieved with a simple array, by multiplying its indices:
With the only difference that with multidimensional arrays, the compiler automatically remembers the depth of each imaginary dimension. The following two pieces of code produce the exact same result, but one uses a bidimensional array while the other uses a simple array:
| multidimensional array | pseudo-multidimensional array |
|---|
None of the two code snippets above produce any output on the screen, but both assign values to the memory block called jimmy in the following way:
Note that the code uses defined constants for the width and height, instead of using directly their numerical values. This gives the code a better readability, and allows changes in the code to be made easily in one place.
C++ Print Array
C++ Print Array Elements
Arrays as parameters
At some point, we may need to pass an array to a function as a parameter. In C++, it is not possible to pass the entire block of memory represented by an array to a function directly as an argument. But what can be passed instead is its address. In practice, this has almost the same effect, and it is a much faster and more efficient operation.To accept an array as parameter for a function, the parameters can be declared as the array type, but with empty brackets, omitting the actual size of the array. For example:
This function accepts a parameter of type 'array of
int' called arg. In order to pass to this function an array declared as:it would be enough to write a call like this:
Here you have a complete example:
In the code above, the first parameter (
int arg[]) accepts any array whose elements are of type int, whatever its length. For that reason, we have included a second parameter that tells the function the length of each array that we pass to it as its first parameter. This allows the for loop that prints out the array to know the range to iterate in the array passed, without going out of range.In a function declaration, it is also possible to include multidimensional arrays. The format for a tridimensional array parameter is:
For example, a function with a multidimensional array as argument could be:
Notice that the first brackets
[] are left empty, while the following ones specify sizes for their respective dimensions. This is necessary in order for the compiler to be able to determine the depth of each additional dimension.In a way, passing an array as argument always loses a dimension. The reason behind is that, for historical reasons, arrays cannot be directly copied, and thus what is really passed is a pointer. This is a common source of errors for novice programmers. Although a clear understanding of pointers, explained in a coming chapter, helps a lot.
Library arrays
The arrays explained above are directly implemented as a language feature, inherited from the C language. They are a great feature, but by restricting its copy and easily decay into pointers, they probably suffer from an excess of optimization.To overcome some of these issues with language built-in arrays, C++ provides an alternative array type as a standard container. It is a type template (a class template, in fact) defined in header
'><array>.Containers are a library feature that falls out of the scope of this tutorial, and thus the class will not be explained in detail here. Suffice it to say that they operate in a similar way to built-in arrays, except that they allow being copied (an actually expensive operation that copies the entire block of memory, and thus to use with care) and decay into pointers only when explicitly told to do so (by means of its member
data).Just as an example, these are two versions of the same example using the language built-in array described in this chapter, and the container in the library:
| language built-in array | container library array |
|---|
As you can see, both kinds of arrays use the same syntax to access its elements:
myarray[i]. Other than that, the main differences lay on the declaration of the array, and the inclusion of an additional header for the library array. Notice also how it is easy to access the size of the library array.Type C Print
C++ Print Array 2d
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